class 6

 INTRODUCTION OF MS EXCEL 

What is MS Excel  :- 

Microsoft Excel is a software application designed for creating tables to input and organize data. It provides a user-friendly way to analyze and work with data. The image below provides a visual representation of what an Excel spreadsheet typically appears like

Excel Interface

What is a Cell

A spreadsheet takes the shape of a table, consisting of rows and columns. A cell is created at the intersection point where rows and columns meet, forming a rectangular box. 

What is Cell Address or Cell Reference

The address or name of a cell or a range of cells is known as Cell reference. It helps the software to identify the cell from where the data/value is to be used in the formula. We can reference the cell of other worksheets and also of other programs.

• Referencing the cell of other worksheets is known as External referencing.
• Referencing the cell of other programs is known as Remote referencing.

There are three types of cell references in Excel:  

1. Relative reference.
2. Absolute reference.
3. Mixed reference.

Features of MS Excel

Ribbon

Th eRibbon in MS-Excel is the topmost row of tabs that provide the user with different facilities/functionalities. These tabs are:

MS Excel is a commonly used Microsoft Office application. It is a spreadsheet program which is used to save and analyse numerical data.

In this article, we bring to you the important features of MS Excel, along with an overview of how to use the program, its benefits and other important elements. A few sample MS Excel question and answers are also given further below in this article for the reference of Government exam aspirants. 

To learn more about the other programs under Microsoft Office, visit the linked article.

Computer Awareness is an integral part of the syllabus for major competitive exams and questions from MS Excel may also be asked in these exams. To get the detailed syllabus for Computer Knowledge, candidates can visit the linked article. 

Basics of MS Excel

What is MS Excel?

MS Excel is a spreadsheet program where one can record data in the form of tables. It is easy to analyse data in an Excel spreadsheet. The image given below represents how an Excel spreadsheet looks like:

How to open MS Excel?

To open MS Excel on your computer, follow the steps given below:

• Click on Start
• Then All Programs
• Next step is to click on MS Office
• Then finally, choose the MS-Excel option

Alternatively, you can also click on the Start button and type MS Excel in the search option available.

What is a cell?

A spreadsheet is in the form of a table comprising rows and columns. The rectangular box at the intersection point between rows and columns forms a cell. Given below is an image of a cell:

What is Cell Address?

The cell address is the name by which is cell can be addressed. For example, if row 7 is interested in column G, then the cell address is G7. 

Features of MS Excel

Various editing and formatting can be done on an Excel spreadsheet. Discussed below are the various features of MS Excel. 

The image below shows the composition of features in MS Excel:

• Home
  • Comprises options like font size, font styles, font colour, background colour, alignment, formatting options and styles, insertion and deletion of cells and editing options
• Insert
  • Comprises options like table format and style, inserting images and figures, adding graphs, charts and sparklines, header and footer option, equation and symbols
• Page Layout
  • Themes, orientation and page setup options are available under the page layout option
• Formulas
  • Since tables with a large amount of data can be created in MS excel, under this feature, you can add formulas to your table and get quicker solutions 
• Data
  • Adding external data (from the web), filtering options and data tools are available under this category
• Review
  • Proofreading can be done for an excel sheet (like spell check) in the review category and a reader can add comments in this part 
• View
  • Different views in which we want the spreadsheet to be displayed can be edited here. Options to zoom in and out and pane arrangement are available under this category

For those willing to learn more about MS Excel, can refer to the video given below and understand every small aspect of this program in detail.

Intro of QBASIC :- 

QBasic is an integrated development environment (IDE) and interpreter for a variety of dialects of BASIC which are based on QuickBASIC. Code entered into the IDE is compiled to an intermediate representation (IR), and this IR is immediately executed on demand within the IDE.

History[edit]

QBasic was intended as a replacement for GW-BASIC. It was based on the earlier QuickBASIC 4.5 compiler but without QuickBASIC's compiler and linker elements. Version 1.0 was shipped together with MS-DOS 5.0 and higher, as well as Windows 95, Windows NT 3.x, and Windows NT 4.0. IBM recompiled QBasic and included it in PC DOS 5.x, as well as OS/2 2.0 onwards.^[5] eComStation and ArcaOS, descended from OS/2 code, include QBasic 1.0. QBasic 1.1 is included with MS-DOS 6.x, and, without EDIT, in Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows Me. Starting with Windows 2000, Microsoft no longer includes QBasic with their operating systems.

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CLASS COMPUTER

 
Flash, also known as Adobe Flash is a multimedia graphic software that is used to create animations. The animations are made for so many purposes, for example, movies, games, desktop presentations, web applications, etc. Flash is compatible with all web browsers and is one of the most popular technologies on the internet. It was created by Macromedia, and initially, it was created for web applications only.

 

What is Flash?

Adobe Flash is a software platform used to create rich digital content containing animation, graphic effects, streaming video and other interactive elements to deliver engaging user experiences over many platforms, including desktops and mobile devices.

How to start Flash?

In order to start Flash, these steps are required:

• Click on the Start button on the computer.
• Select or search for Programs on the sub-menu.
• In the Programs section, click on the Macromedia section.
• Now select Macromedia Flash 8.

Uses of Flash

With the use of Flash, animations can be easily created and almost all types of animations can be created. The beauty of this software is that it keeps on getting better, every new version of Flash is better and has more features than the previous one. Flash was created to overcome one of the biggest shortcomings faced by the web, that is, Dynamism. Dynamism is not only limited to animation but also to interactive animations on the web that keep the viewer/learner interested and their time is more invested on the web. Keeping the interactions attractive and removing the static nature of the pages was successfully done by Flash.

Web designers must learn how to use Flash and keep it in their to-do list as Flash not only has animation creation ability, but it is able to be helpful at many more places. Flash is really easy to use, anyone can sit on the software and spend hours learning and having fun with the creation.

Features of Flash

• Flash 8 offers so many attractive designs that allow neglecting the creation of animation for the visual effects.
• The Software offers a wide range of font sizes and helps in Font Optimization.
• From a Single Panel, a wide range of existing objects can be searched from the library. Therefore, flash offers consolidated library.
• The animation is getting better and better, with flash 8, the power of animation has become even more, with a good control over the editing mode, such as velocity of rotation, shape changing, color and movement, the animations are getting easier to create and modify.
• Flash 8 provides high quality independent Codec, completely skinnable, it helps on easier video importing and improvement in the video formats.
• Mobile devices emulators are introduced with Flash 8.

Number Systems

The number system is a way to represent or express numbers. You have heard of various types of number systems such as the whole numbers and the real numbers. But in the context of computers, we define other types of number systems. They are:

• The decimal number system

• The binary number system

• The octal number system and

• The hexadecimal number system

Decimal Number System (Base 10)

In this number system, the digits 0 to 9 represents numbers. As it uses 10 digits to represent a number, it is also called the base 10 number system. Each digit has a value based on its position called place value. The value of the position increases by 10 times as we move from right to left in the number.

For example, the value of 786 is

= 7 x 102 + 8 x 101 + 6 x 100

= 700 + 80 + 6

Binary Number System (Base 2)

A computer can understand only the “on” and “off” state of a switch. These two states are represented by 1 and 0. The combination of 1 and 0 form binary numbers. These numbers represent various data. As two digits are used to represent numbers, it is called a binary or base 2 number system.

The binary number system uses positional notation. But in this case, each digit is multiplied by the appropriate power of two based on its position.

For example, (101101)2 in decimal is

= 1 x 25 + 0 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20

= 1 x 32 + 0 x 16 + 1 x 8 + 1 x 4 + 0 x 2 + 1 x 1

= 32 + 8 + 4 + 1

= (45)10

Units of measurement of data

Machine language is binary. And so it is necessary to discuss how to measure the data stored in a computer. Bit and Byte are the units to measure data.

Bit

The term ‘bit’ is a contraction of the words ‘binary’ and ‘digit’. It is the smallest unit of memory or instruction that can be given or stored on a computer. A bit is either a 0 or a 1. The number in the above example is a 6-bit number as it has 6 binary digits (0s and 1s).

Byte

A group of 8 bits like 01100001 is a byte. Combination of bytes comes with various names like the kilobyte. One kilobyte is a collection of 1000 bytes. A word or letter like ‘A’ or ‘G’ is worth 8 bits or one byte. One thousand bytes make up a kilobyte (one thousand letters approximately). 1024 kilobytes form a Megabyte (Mb) and so on.

Octal Number System (Base 8)

This system uses digits 0 to 7 (i.e. 8 digits) to represent a number and the numbers are as a base of 8.

For example, (24)8 in decimal is

= 2×81+4×80

= (20)10

Hexadecimal Number System (Base 16)

In this system, 16 digits used to represent a given number. Thus it is also known as the base 16 number system. Each digit position represents a power of 16. As the base is greater than 10, the number system is supplemented by letters. Following are the hexadecimal symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

To take A, B, C, D, E, and F as part of the number system is conventional and has no logical or deductive reason.

1 byte (B) = 8 bits 1 Kilobytes (KB) = 1024 bytes 1 Megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB 1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB 1 Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB 1 Exabyte (EB) = 1024 PB 1 Zettabyte = 1024 EB 1 Yottabyte (YB) = 1024 ZB

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